Nka inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zikomeje gutera imbere, abaguzi benshi batekereza ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (EV) nkuburyo bwimodoka gakondo ikoreshwa na lisansi. Nyamara, amagambo EV n'imodoka y'amashanyarazi akoreshwa muburyo bumwe, biganisha ku rujijo. Mugihe ubwoko bwibinyabiziga byombi bushingira kumashanyarazi, hariho itandukaniro ryingenzi mubishushanyo mbonera, imikorere, nibidukikije. Kumva itandukaniro riri hagati ya EV n'imodoka z'amashanyarazi birashobora gufasha abaguzi guhitamo inzira nziza kubyo bakeneye gutwara. Muri iyi ngingo, tuzagabanya itandukaniro riri hagati yaya magambo yombi, dusuzume ibintu byihariye, kandi dufashe gusobanura amahitamo ashobora kuba akubereye.

EV (Ikinyabiziga gikoresha amashanyarazi)

1.Ibisobanuro:

EV (Ikinyabiziga gikoresha amashanyarazi) bivuga ikinyabiziga icyo aricyo cyose gikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi yose cyangwa igice. Ijambo 'EV ' rikubiyemo ibinyabiziga bitandukanye, kuva ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byuzuye kugeza ibivange bikoresha amashanyarazi na lisansi. EV zirimo ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (BEVs), Gucomeka mumashanyarazi ya Hybrid (PHEVs), Imashanyarazi ya Hybrid (HEVs), hamwe n’ibinyabiziga bitanga amashanyarazi (FCEVs).

2.Ibinyabiziga bitandukanye:

BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) :
Izi ni ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byuzuye bikora kumashanyarazi abitswe muri bateri. Nta moteri ya lisansi bafite kandi bishyuzwa binyuze mumashanyarazi yo hanze (nka charger yo murugo cyangwa sitasiyo rusange).

Urugero: Tesla Model 3 , Ibibabi bya Nissan.

PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) :
PHEVs ihuza moteri yamashanyarazi na moteri ya lisansi, ituma ikinyabiziga gikoresha amashanyarazi mumwanya muto (mubirometero 20-50) kandi kigakoresha lisansi murugendo rurerure. Moteri yamashanyarazi irashobora kwishyurwa hifashishijwe icyuma, bigatuma ibinyabiziga byoroha mubijyanye no gukoresha lisansi.

Urugero: Toyota Prius Prime , Ford Guhunga PHEV.

HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles) :
HEV zikoresha moteri yamashanyarazi na moteri ya lisansi, ariko bitandukanye na PHEV, bateri zabo ntizishobora gucomeka. Ahubwo, bateri yishyuzwa feri ishya  kandi na moteri ya lisansi ubwayo. Iyi mikorere itezimbere lisansi idakeneye kwishyurwa hanze.

Urugero: Toyota Prius , Honda Insight.

FCEVs bitanga amashanyarazi) (
Ibinyabiziga Ibicuruzwa byonyine ni imyuka y'amazi, bigatuma FCEVs zeru-zeru zindi. Ariko, bakeneye sitasiyo ya hydrogène, ifite umubare muke.

Urugero: Toyota Mirai , Hyundai Nexo.

3.Scope:

Ijambo EV ni icyiciro kinini gikubiyemo ibinyabiziga byose bikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi, harimo ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byuzuye (BEVs) hamwe na Hybride (PHEVs, HEVs, na FCEVs). Harimo ibinyabiziga bishingiye gusa kumashanyarazi kimwe nibihuza amashanyarazi na lisansi cyangwa hydrogen, bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo guhitamo kubakoresha.

Imashanyarazi

1.Ibisobanuro:

Imodoka yamashanyarazi yerekeza byumwihariko ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (BEV), bikoreshwa rwose na moteri yamashanyarazi ikura ingufu mumashanyarazi yabitswe muri bateri zayo. Bitandukanye n’ibinyabiziga bivangavanze cyangwa imashini icomeka, imodoka zamashanyarazi ntizishingikiriza kuri moteri yaka imbere (ICE) cyangwa ubwoko bwa lisansi. Bishyuzwa binyuze mumashanyarazi aturuka hanze, nka sitasiyo yo munzu cyangwa sitasiyo rusange, kandi ikoresha amashanyarazi gusa.

2.Ibinyabiziga bitandukanye:

Imodoka z'amashanyarazi (BEVs) :
Ijambo imodoka y'amashanyarazi ni kimwe na Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), yagenewe gukora gusa kumashanyarazi. BEV ntabwo zifite moteri ya lisansi, bigatuma amashanyarazi rwose. Izi modoka zifite bateri nini zigomba kwishyurwa buri gihe ziva hanze.

Urwego rwo gutwara BEVs rusanzwe rutandukana kuva kuri kilometero 150 kugeza 370 kumurongo wuzuye, bitewe nurugero n'ubushobozi bwa bateri. Urutonde rushobora guterwa nibintu nko gutwara ibinyabiziga, ikirere, no gukoresha ibikoresho (nko guhumeka cyangwa gushyushya).

Kwishyuza : BEV zishyurwa hifashishijwe sitasiyo rusange cyangwa inzu yo kwishyiriraho, hamwe n'umuvuduko utandukanye wo kwishyuza. Sitasiyo yihuta irashobora gutanga amafaranga akomeye muminota 30, mugihe kwishyuza murugo mubisanzwe bifata amasaha menshi kugirango bishyure byuzuye bateri yikinyabiziga.

3.Scope:

Ijambo imodoka yamashanyarazi nijambo ryihariye kandi ritunganijwe ugereranije na EV (Imashanyarazi). Mugihe EV bivuga ibinyabiziga byose bikoreshwa, igice cyangwa byuzuye, n'amashanyarazi, imodoka zamashanyarazi ni Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) zifite amashanyarazi yuzuye kandi zidashingiye kumavuta yose atari amashanyarazi.
Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ni amashanyarazi gusa, mugihe izindi EV nka Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) na Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) ziracyakoresha moteri ya lisansi ifatanije na moteri yabo yamashanyarazi.
Ingero z'imodoka zizwi cyane z'amashanyarazi zirimo:

• Tesla Model 3 : Azwiho intera ishimishije, imikorere, hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho.

• Nissan Leaf : Imwe mumodoka zihenze cyane zamashanyarazi, zitanga agaciro keza kubyo binyabiziga bishya byamashanyarazi.

• Chevrolet Bolt : Ikinyabiziga gifite amashanyarazi yoroheje gifite ubushobozi burebure ku giciro cyo gupiganwa.

Itandukaniro ryikoranabuhanga hagati ya EV n'imodoka z'amashanyarazi

1.Gushiraho imbaraga:

Imodoka z'amashanyarazi (BEVs) :
Imodoka z'amashanyarazi zifite amashanyarazi 100% kandi zikoreshwa gusa na moteri y'amashanyarazi ikura ingufu muri bateri. Nta moteri ya lisansi iri muri BEV, ikora imodoka yamashanyarazi rwose ifite powertrain yoroshye kandi ikora neza. Kubera ko BEV zifite ibice bike bigenda kandi nta moteri ya lisansi, usanga bikoresha ingufu nyinshi mugihe kirekire, hamwe nibikenerwa bike ugereranije nibinyabiziga bishingiye kuri moteri yaka imbere (ICE) cyangwa powertrain.

Imodoka (Ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi) :
Ijambo EV rikubiyemo ibinyabiziga byinshi, birimo ibinyabiziga bitanga amashanyarazi (BEVs), Gucomeka mu mashanyarazi ya Hybrid (PHEVs), Imashanyarazi ya Hybrid (HEVs), hamwe n’ibinyabiziga bitanga amashanyarazi (FCEVs). Izi modoka zishobora kugira powertrain zitandukanye. Urugero:

PHEVs  ifite moteri yamashanyarazi na moteri ya lisansi, ishobora gukora yigenga cyangwa hamwe, ikabaha guhinduka mubijyanye ninkomoko yamashanyarazi. Moteri yamashanyarazi ikora ingendo ngufi, mugihe moteri ya lisansi yemeza ko ikinyabiziga gishobora gukora urugendo rurerure bidakenewe kwishyurwa.

HEVs  kandi ihuza moteri yamashanyarazi na moteri ya lisansi, ariko ntibisaba kwishyurwa hanze. Batare muri HEVs yishyuzwa binyuze muri feri ishya kandi moteri ya lisansi ubwayo, bigatuma ikoresha lisansi kuruta ibinyabiziga bya lisansi gakondo.

FCEVs  ikoreshwa ningirabuzimafatizo ya hydrogène, itanga amashanyarazi kugirango moteri ikore moteri, isohora imyuka yamazi gusa nkibicuruzwa. Izi modoka zisaba lisansi ya hydrogène aho kwishyuza hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi.

2.Icyiciro cya lisansi na lisansi / Amafaranga yo kwishyuza:

Imodoka z'amashanyarazi (BEVs) :
Imodoka z'amashanyarazi mubusanzwe zigarukira ku bilometero 150 kugeza 370, bitewe nibintu nka moderi, ubushobozi bwa bateri, hamwe nuburyo bwo gutwara. Izi modoka zigomba kwishyurwa kuri sitasiyo yumuriro rusange cyangwa mumashanyarazi yo murugo, zishobora gufata umwanya uwariwo wose kuva muminota 30 kugeza kumasaha menshi bitewe numuvuduko wumuriro nubwoko bwa charger. Mugihe urwego rugenda rutera imbere hamwe niterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya batiri, BEV ziracyafite imbogamizi kuboneka ibikorwa remezo byo kwishyuza nigihe bifata kugirango yishyure.

Imodoka (Imashanyarazi) :
PHEV na HEV zitanga ibintu byoroshye kuko zihuza ingufu za mashanyarazi na lisansi. Kurugero, PHEVs irashobora gukoresha amashanyarazi intera ngufi (mubirometero 20-50) hanyuma igahindura lisansi murugendo rurerure, bikagabanya amaganya. Ibi bituma abashoferi bakora ingendo badahangayikishijwe no kubona sitasiyo zishyuza, cyane cyane mu ngendo ndende. HEVs, nubwo idatanga amashanyarazi gusa, itezimbere ingufu za peteroli hamwe n’amashanyarazi na lisansi, ariko baracyakenera lisansi isanzwe.

FCEVs (Ibinyabiziga bitanga amashanyarazi ya selile), bitandukanye na BEV cyangwa PHEVs, bisaba sitasiyo ya hydrogène. Izi sitasiyo ziracyari nke cyane mubare, zishobora kugabanya imikorere ya FCEVs bitewe nakarere. Nyamara, FCEVs zifite intera isa n’imodoka gakondo ya lisansi, mubisanzwe itanga ibirometero 300 kugeza 400 kuri lisansi.

Ingaruka ku bidukikije

1.Imodoka z'amashanyarazi (BEV):

Amashanyarazi ya Batiri (BEVs) nuburyo bwangiza ibidukikije murwego rwa EV kubera imyuka ya zeru zeru. Ntabwo zitanga umwanda nka dioxyde de carbone (CO2), okiside ya azote (NOx), cyangwa ibintu byangiza.

Ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa :
Iyo zishyuwe hakoreshejwe ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu nkizuba cyangwa umuyaga, BEV zigabanya cyane ikirere cya karubone kandi zikagira uruhare mukugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, bikababera igisubizo cyingenzi cyo gutwara abantu neza no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

2.EV:

Ubundi bwoko bwa EV, nka PHEVs, HEVs, na FCEVs, nabwo bugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ugereranije n’ibinyabiziga gakondo bikoreshwa na lisansi ariko ntibisohoka rwose.

PHEV na HEVs :

PHEVs  ihuza moteri yamashanyarazi na moteri ya lisansi. Zibyara imyuka iyo ikoresheje lisansi, hamwe nibidukikije bitewe ninshuro moteri ya lisansi ikoreshwa.

HEVs  kandi ikoresha lisansi hamwe n'amashanyarazi. Nubwo ikora neza kuruta imodoka gakondo, ziracyatanga imyuka iyo ikora kuri lisansi.

FCEVs (Ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi ya lisansi):
FCEV itanga imyuka y'amazi nkibicuruzwa, bigatuma itangiza imyuka mibi. Nyamara, ingaruka z’ibidukikije ziterwa nuburyo hydrogène ikorwa. Niba biva mu bicanwa biva mu kirere, inyungu z’ibidukikije ziragabanuka. Hydrogen yicyatsi (ikomoka ku mbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa) ituma FCEVs isukurwa cyane, ariko ibikorwa remezo bya hydrogène bikomeza kuba bike.

Ibibazo: Ingaruka ku bidukikije by'imodoka z'amashanyarazi

1.Imodoka zamashanyarazi (BEVs) zangiza ibidukikije?

Nibyo, Bateri Yamashanyarazi Yamashanyarazi (BEVs) nubwoko bwangiza ibidukikije bwa EV, butanga imyuka ya zeru zeru. Iyo zishyizwemo ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, zigabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere kandi ikagira uruhare mu mwuka mwiza.

2.PHEV itanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere?

Gucomeka mumashanyarazi ya Hybrid (PHEVs) bigabanya imyuka ihumanya ugereranije n’imodoka ya lisansi ariko iracyatanga imyuka iyo ikora kuri lisansi. Ingaruka ku bidukikije biterwa ninshuro moteri ya lisansi ikoreshwa.

3.Imodoka ya Hybrid (HEVs) nziza kubidukikije?

Imashanyarazi ya Hybrid (HEVs) ikoresha lisansi kurusha imodoka zisanzwe ariko iracyashingira kuri lisansi, ntabwo rero irimo imyuka yangiza. Ariko, bagabanya ibyuka bihumanya ugereranije nibinyabiziga gakondo bikoreshwa na lisansi.

4.Ni mu buhe buryo ibidukikije bitangiza ibinyabiziga bitanga amashanyarazi (FCEVs)?

FCEVs isohora imyuka y'amazi gusa ariko biterwa na hydrogen. Niba hydrogène ikozwe hifashishijwe ibicanwa, inyungu ziragabanuka. Icyatsi cya hydrogène, ikomoka ku mbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa, ituma FCEVs isukurwa neza. Nyamara, ibikorwa bya peteroli ya hydrogène ni bike.

Umwanzuro

Itandukaniro ryingenzi hagati ya EV na imodoka y'amashanyarazi nuko EV ari ijambo ryumutaka ririmo ibinyabiziga byose bikoreshwa igice cyangwa byuzuye n'amashanyarazi, harimo ibivange n'ibinyabiziga bitwara lisansi. Ku rundi ruhande, imodoka y’amashanyarazi yerekeza cyane cyane ku mashanyarazi ya Batiri (BEV), ikora rwose ku mashanyarazi. Mugihe byombi bigira uruhare mukugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, imodoka zamashanyarazi zifite amashanyarazi yuzuye hamwe na zeru zeru zeru, mugihe izindi EV zishobora gukomeza kwishingikiriza kuri lisansi cyangwa hydrogène mubice byimbaraga zabo. Gusobanukirwa aya magambo bizagufasha gufata ibyemezo birambuye mugihe ushakisha uburyo bwo gutwara amashanyarazi.