Wɔ aguadi po so ahyɛn ne ankorankoro a wɔde di dwuma fam no, a anyinam ahoɔden kar a ahoɔhare sua yɛ sika a wɔabu akontaa sɛ wɔde bɛto da biara da adwumayɛ mu. Nanso, anyinam ahoɔden a ɛyera mpofirim anaasɛ baabi a wobɛkɔ no sɛe nkakrankakra no betumi asɛe sika a wohwɛ kwan sɛ wubenya no ntɛm ara. Nea ɛnte sɛ EV ahorow a ɛde ahoɔhare tu mmirika wɔ akwan so no, LSEV ahorow no yɛ adwuma wɔ voltage architectures a ɛsono emu biara koraa so. Wɔde wɔn ho to drivetrain tolerances a ɛyɛ den nso so. Sɛ wɔhwere torque anaa ahoɔhare a ɛsen biara a, nea ɛde ba no ntini ntaa nyɛ mmerɛw. Mpɛn pii no, ɛda baabi a batere akwahosan, ɔhyew a wɔde di dwuma, ne mfiri a ɛtwetwe nneɛma a ɛyɛ den no hyia.
Saa huammɔdi nsɛntitiriw yi a wɔbɛte ase no ho hia koraa ma adetɔ a nyansa wom. Adetɔfo a wɔde nsiyɛ reyɛ nhwehwɛmu ɛsɛ sɛ anyinam ahoɔden kar a ahoɔhare sua ho nsɛm di kan de ahotoso a wɔde bɛtra hɔ bere tenten no di kan. Sɛ wunim saa nneɛma a ɛkanyan adwene yi a, ɛboa wo ma wunya ɔhokafo a ɔfata a wobɛtɔ nneɛma. Wubetumi akwati agyapade a ɛda hɔ na woayi bere a wonhwɛ kwan sɛ wogyae adwuma no afi hɔ. Yɛbɛhwehwɛ sɛnea batere nyin, nea enti a controllers to ahoɔden ano hye, ne sɛnea mfiri ho nsɛm a ahintaw ma wo ahoɔden a wode asie no yɛ komm no mu.
Nneɛma Titiriw a Wɔde Fa Kɔ
- Battery Degradation is Non-Linear: Voltage a ɛba fam a efi lead-acid a ɛyɛ dedaw anaa lithium packs a wɔanhwɛ so yiye mu ba no ne ade titiriw a ɛma ahoɔden a ɛyera mpofirim.
- Thermal Throttling Protects the Drivetrain: Ɔhyew a ano yɛ den hyɛ kar no controller no ma ɛto current no ano hye, na ɛde afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma no siw adwumayɛ ano na amma ansɛe daa.
- Specification Matching is Critical: Sɛ woyɛ adwuma wɔ payload anohyeto a wɔaka no akyi a, ɛma component wear yɛ ntɛmntɛm kɛse.
- Supplier Choice Dictates Lifespan: Sɛ wo ne obi a wɔagye atom sɛ anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛnyɛ den a ɔde ma no bɛyɛ adwuma abom a, ɛma wotumi nya Battery Management Systems (BMS) a ɛyɛ den ne warranty coverage a wotumi de ho to so.
Dwuma a Battery State of Health (SOH) ne Voltage Sag di
Mpɛn pii no, wɔn a wɔyɛ po so ahyɛn no ma batere a wɔahyɛ no ma ne batere a ahoɔden wom frafra. Eyi yɛ mfomso a abu so na ɛho ka yɛ den. Battery display a ɛkyerɛ 100% state of charge (SOC) nkutoo kyerɛ mprempren fill level a egyina tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw so. Nanso, batere a asɛe no tumi nyinaa sua koraa. Yɛfrɛ saa metric yi Akwahosan Tebea (SOH). Sɛ wowɔ 100% SOC wɔ battery a ɛwɔ 50% SOH pɛ so a, wobɛda so ara anya torque a enye a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Wo kar no nni ahoɔden a ɛbɛma ayɛ adwuma no ara kwa.
Lead-Acid ne Lithium-Ion a Wɔsɛe no Ho Nsɛm a Wɔsɛe no
Batere a wɔde kɔbere ayɛ no de nokwasɛm ahorow a emu yɛ den ba bere a ɛrenyin no. Bere kɔ so no, kɔbere sulfate ahwehwɛ boaboa ano wɔ batere mprɛte no so. Saa sulfation yi ma batere no mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no yɛ kɛse kɛse. Sɛ wode kar foro kɔ baabi a ɛkɔ fam a, mfiri no hwehwɛ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro kɛse. Esiane sɛ batere no mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no kɛse nti, batere no ahoɔden so tew kɛse. Wɔfrɛ saa adeyɛ yi sɛ voltage sag. Voltage a ɛkɔ fam kɛse no ma anyinam ahoɔden yera mpofirim, na ɛma karkafo wea kɔ nkoko so.
Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, nnɛyi lithium-ion nnuruyɛ ma wonya mfaso horow a ɛda nsow. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) packs de nsuo a ɛfiri mu ba a ɛyɛ petee a ɛda nsow ma. Wɔkura voltage levels a ɛkɔ so daa mu wɔ honam fam adesoa a emu yɛ duru mpo ase. Saa flat curve yi hwɛ hu sɛ motor output daa kosi sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ pack no bɛsa. Wonnya adwumayɛ a ɛyɛ brɛoo te sɛ nea batere no sa no.
Nkɛntɛnso a Battery Management System (BMS) a Mfomso Nya .
Lithium batere hia ɛlɛtrɔnik amemene na ama ayɛ adwuma dwoodwoo. Yɛfrɛ eyi Battery Management System (BMS). Subpar BMS ntumi nkari pɛ wɔ nkwammoaa ankorankoro ahoɔden mu yiye. Bere kɔ so no, nkwammoaa binom de ahoɔden boro so bere a afoforo nso ma ɛdɔɔso dodo. Sɛ wobɔ ntɛmntɛm a, cell a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara no kanyan alarm a ɛnyɛ den. Afei BMS no kyerɛ motor controller no sɛ ɔnkɔ limp mode mu ntɛm. Eyi de afiri a wɔde siw wo mmirikatu ano de bɔ nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara no ho ban.
Bere a woresusuw ho a low speed electric car , ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ BMS no mu yiye. Hwehwɛ nhwehwɛmu gyinapɛn abien a ɛho hia. Nea edi kan no, hwɛ sɛ nkwammoaa kari pɛ a ɛyɛ nnam, a ɛdannan ahoɔden wɔ nkwammoaa ntam denneennen no mu. Nea ɛto so abien no, si so dua sɛ wɔmfa bere ankasa mu hwehwɛ mfomso ahorow. Nneɛma a wɔde hu yare no boa mfiridwumayɛfo ma wohu nkwammoaa a adi nkogu ansa na wɔasɛe po so ahyɛn dwumadi.
Ɔhyew Ho Nkonimdi ne Controller Throttling
Kar a anyinam ahoɔden wom no afã horow wɔ ɔhyew anohyeto a emu yɛ den. Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro sɛe ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛsɛe magnet ahorow. Enti, ɔhyew a wɔde di dwuma ho hia na ama kar no ayɛ adwuma bere nyinaa. Sɛ ɔhyew kɔ soro a, kar ahorow de nsiyɛ tew wɔn ankasa ahoɔden so. Wɔfrɛ saa ɔkwan a wɔfa so kora ne ho yi thermal throttling.
Torque a ɛkorɔn a wɔhwehwɛ bere nyinaa no ma ɔhyew kɛse ba. Sɛ wɔtwe kar a wɔde fa nnipa a emu yɛ duru anaasɛ wɔforo mmepɔw a ɛso yɛ toro a, ɛma emu nneɛma no yɛ hyew dodo. Motor windings ne motor controller no hyew kɔ soro ntɛmntɛm. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no anwosow ankasa no, nea ɔhwɛ so no de afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma no to tumi a wɔde ma no ano hye. Womia pedal no so koraa, nanso kar no yɛ ho biribi brɛoo. Controller no rebɔ drivetrain no ho ban ara kwa.
Wim tebea a efi abɔnten nso nya adwumayɛ so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Wim tebea a emu yɛ den pia nneɛma a ɛwom no kɔ wɔn mfɛnsere a eye sen biara a wɔde di dwuma no akyi.
- Wim Tebea a Awɔw Bere Mu Nkɛntɛnso: Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ nwini no ma batere no mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no yɛ kɛse. Electrochemical reactions brɛ ase kɛse. Eyi ma wo output tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ no so tew yiye kodu 30%. Kar no te nka sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw fi mfiase pɛɛ.
- Wim Tebea a Ɛyɛ Hɔ Nkɛntɛnso: Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ma lithium-ion nkwammoaa sɛe ntɛmntɛm. Controller no fi ase bɛn ne ɔhyew anohyeto a ɛsen biara. Eyi kanyan thermal throttling ntɛm mpo wɔ karka tebea a ɛfata mu.
Asiane kɛse bi wɔ hɔ a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ ha. Sɛ wuntumi mmu wo mpɔtam hɔ wim tebea ho akontaa bere a woresan ahwɛ nneɛma pɔtee bi mu a, ɛde ɔhaw ahorow a emu yɛ den ba. Mpɛn pii no, po so ahyɛn nyɛ adwuma yiye koraa wɔ awɔw bere anaa ahohuru bere mu asram a ɛyɛ den sen biara no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ adetɔfo hwɛ thermal operating ranges ansa na wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ adetɔ ho ahyɛde ase.
Mfiri a Ɛnyɛ Yiye ne Drivetrain Drag
Ɛnyɛ adwumayɛ a wɔhwere nyinaa na efi anyinam ahoɔden ho nsɛm mu. Mfiri a wɔde di asi no ma mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae a ahintaw ba wo batere no so. Friction hyɛ anyinam ahoɔden mfiri no ma ɛtwe amps a ɛkorɔn kɛse sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛkɔ so akura ahoɔhare koro no ara mu ara kwa. Amp draw a ɛkorɔn no ma battery no sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma thermal stress kɔ soro.
Mfiridwuma mu Mfomsofo a Wɔtaa Yɛ
Mpɛn pii no, mfiri a ɛtwetwe no fi nsiesie a wɔnyɛ daa no mu. Breki calipers a wɔagye anaasɛ drum breki a wɔansiesie no yiye no ma ɛko tia bere nyinaa. Kar no ko tia n’ankasa breki bere nyinaa. Wohwere ahoɔden a ɛma nneɛma yɛ ntɛmntɛm na wosɛe batere a ɛsom bo no.
Tae mu nhyɛso yɛ ade foforo a ɛho hia. Tae a mframa ntumi nkɔ mu no ma wo tumi a ɛbɔ no yɛ kɛse. Tae no nan ase yɛ petee, na egye ahoɔden pii na ama atumi akɔ n’anim. Eyi ma batere no sa ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea na wɔhwɛ kwan. Saa ara nso na ntwahonan bearing a asɛe no ma akasakasa kɛse. Bearing bɔne hwehwɛ torque a ɛkorɔn kɛse na ama wɔafi ase akɔ baabiara kɛkɛ.
Mfiri Drag Nsunsuansoɔ Summary Chart
| Mfiridwuma ho asɛm |
Nsunsuansoɔ wɔ Drivetrain |
Estimated Range Loss |
| Breki a Wɔagye / Drums a Wɔansiesie no Yiye |
Continuous high amp draw wɔ ahoɔhare nyinaa mu |
Ɛkɔ 20% . |
| Tae a wɔmfa mframa nkɔ mu (-10 PSI) . |
Nkɔanim a ɛko tia rolling ne ɔhyew |
10% - 15% na ɛwɔ hɔ. |
| Ntwahonan Bearing a Asɛe |
Torque a ɛkorɔn a wɔde fi ase ho hia, grinding friction |
5% - 8% na ɛwɔ hɔ. |
Yɛkamfo kyerɛ denneennen sɛ wɔmfa mfiri a wɔde siesie nneɛma a wobetumi ayɛ ho adwuma. Fa mfiridwuma ho nhwehwɛmu a emu yɛ den to hɔ dapɛn biara ma wɔn a wɔyɛ po so ahyɛn nyinaa. Fleet data daa kyerɛ 10-15% range recovery kɛkɛ denam PSI a eye sen biara a wɔbɛkɔ so akura mu na wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ breki no hyia yiye. Saa nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛnyɛ den yi siw anyinam ahoɔden a ɛyɛ den ano.
Payload Overload ne Adwumayɛ a ɛboro Specifications so
Ade titiriw a ɛde kar no adwumayɛ a ɛyera ba ne kar a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so. Nkitahodi a ɛtaa ba kar no mu nneɛma ne nea efi adwumayɛ mu ba ntam. Adetɔfo taa tɔ mfonini ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a emu yɛ duru. Wɔde nteaseɛnam a emu nyɛ duru di dwuma de siesie adwumayɛbea hɔ anaasɛ wɔde fa nneɛma a emu yɛ duru a wɔmfa nneɛma a emu yɛ duru nkɔ so nhwɛ sɛ nneɛma a wɔde fa nneɛma a ɛkɔ so daa no yɛ nokware.
Sɛ ɛboro Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) no so a, ɛde adwennwen kɛse ba powertrain no so. Adesoa a ɛboro so no hyɛ anyinam ahoɔden mfiri no ma ɛyɛ adwuma koraa wɔ baabi a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye sen biara no akyi. Efficiency so tew, na ɛma ɔhyew a ɛba ntɛmntɛm wɔ controller no mu. Saa ɔhyew yi ma batere no tu ntɛmntɛm na ɛkanyan ɔhyew a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no. Wo kar no brɛ ase efisɛ ɛsoa emu duru dodo ma ne gya pɔtee no.
Niche models a wɔde toto ho no siw saa nkitahodi a ɛtwa mu yi ano. Sɛ woresusuw adan pɔtee bi ho a, ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ mfiridwuma ho nsɛm mu yiye. Sɛ nhwɛso no, fa teaseɛnam a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so toto nea wɔde di dwuma titiriw ho ahoɔhare a ɛba fam anyinam ahoɔden kar amy model. Ɛsɛ sɛ adetɔfo hwɛ ade kɔ akyiri sen nneɛma a wɔde fa mpa no kɛse ankasa.
- Chassis Weight: Dade chassis a emu yɛ duru di mfitiase ahoɔden pii nanso ɛboa payloads akɛse dwoodwoo.
- Motor Wattage: Wattage a ɛkɔ so no ho hia sen wattage a ɛsen biara. 5kW AC motor a ɛkɔ so kyɛ sen 4kW peak DC motor wɔ adesoa a emu yɛ duru ase.
- Controller Amperage: Hwɛ sɛ controller no de amps a ɛdɔɔso ma na ama nnesoa a emu yɛ duru akɔ soro a ɛnyɛ hyew dodo.
Sɛ wohwehwɛ mfiridwuma mu anohyeto pɔtee yi mu yiye a, ɛma wohu sɛ ɛfata koraa sɛ wɔde di dwuma. Wokwati sɛe ntɛmntɛm a adwumayɛ mu adesoa a ɛboro so bere nyinaa de ba no.
Sɛnea Wɔbɛsɔ Electric Kar a Ɛnkɔ Ahoɔhare Baaba Ahwɛ Na Asiane Ahorow Atew
Wo kar no nkwa tenten no bata nea ɔyɛɛ wo no ho tẽẽ. Vendor due diligence yɛ anammɔn a wontumi nsusuw ho. Assembly quality ne component sourcing na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea kar di da biara da ayayade ho dwuma yiye. Nnwinnade a ɛnyɛ papa a wɔde boaboa nneɛma ano no ma kar ahorow a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae bɛkɔ nsu mu ne nsɛm a ɛtaa si wɔ limp-mode mu ba.
Nteaseɛ a Wɔde Di Dwuma Tiatiaa Ma Adetɔfoɔ
Sɛ worepaw ɔhokafo a ɔbɛyɛ nneɛma a, fa ntease a emu yɛ den a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔkyerɛw no tiawa ho di dwuma. Wohia nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛda adi pefee na ɛyɛ den a wɔde boa. Bisa mfiridwuma ho nsɛm tẽẽ wɔ adetɔ fã no mu.
Component Transparency: So nea ɔde nneɛma ma no da wɔn controller brands adi? Edin ahorow a wogye di te sɛ Curtis anaa Navitas ma ahotoso a ɛkorɔn ne ɔhyew anohyeto ahorow a wotumi hyɛ ho nkɔm. So wɔda wɔn batere nkwammoaa no mfiase adi? Mpɛn pii no, lithium nkwammoaa a wɔmmɔ din no nni nneɛma a ɛyɛ papa sohwɛ a ɛkɔ so daa, na ɛma ahoɔden a ɛwɔ ahoɔden no so tew ntɛm.
Waranti ne Mmoa: Hwɛ sɛnea battery warranty no tenten ankasa te. Kenkan nkyerɛwee a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛfa tumi a wɔbɛkora so ho bɔhyɛ ahorow ho. Bio nso, si so dua sɛ nneɛma a wɔde besi ananmu no wɔ hɔ ntɛm. Sɛ wotwɛn asram asia ansa na woanya motor controller foforo a, warranty nkyerɛ hwee.
Customization Capabilities: Ɔyɛ obi a ɔwɔ din pa ɛnyɛ sɛ adwumakuw a anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm no tɔn nneɛma a wɔtɔn wɔ aguadidan mu kɛkɛ. Wɔde nsiyɛ bɛhyehyɛ axle gear ratio ne controller programming no ma ɛne wo asase pɔtee no ahyia. Wɔgyina wo payload a wohwehwɛ so siesie torque curves. Saa mfiridwuma a wɔadi kan ayɛ yi siw adwumayɛ a wɔhwere ntɛm ano na ɛma wotumi de ho to so sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwuma da biara da.
Awie
Adwumayɛ a wɔhwere wɔ LSEV ahorow mu no ntaa nyɛ ahintasɛm koraa. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bere nyinaa ɛyɛ nea efi batere a ɛbɔ akwakoraa ne aberewa, ɔhyew mu nhyɛso, mfiri a ɛbɔ, anaasɛ adwumayɛ mu adesoa a ɛne ne ho nhyia mu ba a wotumi hyɛ ho nkɔm. Nsonsonoe a ɛda batere a wɔahyɛ no ma ne batere a ahoɔden wom ankasa ntam a wubehu no ne nea edi kan a wode bɛbɔ wo ho ban. Sɛ wohwɛ tae ne breki so a, ɛmma mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae no ntumi nhyia. Sɛ wubu ɔhyew anohyeto ahorow a, ɛma wo drivetrain no kɔ so tra ase.
Ansa na wubewie kar biara a wobɛtɔ no, hwehwɛ wo da biara da kwan a wobɛfa so no mu yiye. Fa w’ahiade pɔtee toto kar ho nsɛm a aban no kyerɛ ho. Fi ase ne wɔn a wɔde nneɛma ma no bɔ mfiridwuma ho nkɔmmɔ a anibere wom. Fa ahokafoɔ a wɔde BMS su a ɛda adi pefee, controller brands a wonim, ne warranty a ɛyɛ den di kan sene ɛka a wɔbɛkora soɔ a ɛnyɛ den a wɔdi kan yɛ. Proactive procurement hyɛ bɔ sɛ wo po so ahyɛn no tu mmirika yiye mfe pii.
FAQ
Asɛmmisa: So kar a anyinam ahoɔden wom no adwumayɛ so atew bere a batere no sa?
A: Yiw. Bere a batere no resa no, pack no nyinaa ahoɔden so tew. Wɔ kar ahorow a enni ahoɔden a ɛkɔ akyiri ho nhyehyɛe a ɛkɔ akyiri, a ɛtaa ba kɛse wɔ kɔbere-acid LSEV dedaw mu no, saa ahoɔden a ɛkɔ fam yi kyerɛ ase tẽẽ sɛ ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ soro no so tew ne ahoɔhare a ɛyɛ brɛoo.
Asɛmmisa: Mpɛn ahe na ɛsɛ sɛ mehwɛ me anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛde mmirika sua no mu hwɛ sɛ mfiri a ɛtwetwe no anaa?
A: Ɛsɛ sɛ po so ahyɛn a wɔtɔn no hwɛ sɛ tae mu nhyɛso yɛ nokware dapɛn biara. Ɛsɛ sɛ wo nso wohwɛ sɛnea breki no hyia ne sɛnea ntwahonan no bearing te ɔsram biara. Saa nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ no daa yi siw parasitic battery drain ano na eyi ahoɔden a ahintaw a ɛyera a mfiri a ɛbɔ abira de ba no fi hɔ.
Asɛmmisa: So software ho asɛm bi betumi ama anyinam ahoɔden ayera mpofirim bere a woreka kar no?
A: Yiw. Motor controller profile a asɛe anaa ahobammɔ mfomso a BMS no de ba no betumi atwitwa anyinam ahoɔden ntɛm ara. Sɛ nhwɛso no, atoro a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛboro so akenkan anaasɛ nkwammoaa a ɛnkari pɛ no bɛhyɛ kar no ma wakɔ limp mode mu de abɔ drivetrain no ho ban.
Asɛmmisa: Dɛn nti na me LSEV hwere kwan no yɛ ntɛmntɛm wɔ awɔw bere mu?
A: Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ nwini no ma batere nkwammoaa no mu anyinam ahoɔden a ɛko tia no yɛ kɛse. Esiane sɛ ahoɔden a ɛko tia ahoɔden kɛse yi nti, wɔsɛe ahoɔden pii sɛ ɔhyew a ɛwɔ mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtwe anyinam ahoɔden kɛkɛ. Eyi ma wo tumi a wubetumi de adi dwuma nyinaa so tew bere tiaa bi.
